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Subnetting and addressing
Carve blocks to fit, size each subnet to its host count, and summarize routes without over-advertising.
Start on paper. One /24, four segments of different sizes, addressed and routed end to end.
Fit four departments into a /24 by sizing each subnet to its hosts, not splitting evenly.
A tighter /23 with five segments, where careless sizing runs you out of space.
Collapse four contiguous routes into the single prefix that covers them exactly.